11.step procedure for a successful electrical circuit design
Electrical circuit design
The mains intake position is at high level and comprises an 80 A BS 1361
240 V main fuse, an 80 A rated meter and a six-way 80 A consumer unit
housing BS 3036 fuses as follows:
Ring circuit | 30 A |
Lighting circuit | 5 A |
Immersion heater circuit | 15 A |
Cooker circuit | 30 A |
Shower circuit | 30 A |
Spare circuit | – |
The cooker is rated at 30 A, with no socket in the cooker unit. The main
tails are 16 mm2 double-insulated PVC, with a 6 mm2 earthing conductor.
There is no main equipotential bonding. The earthing system is TN-S,
with an external loop impedance Z of 0.3 ohms.
Figure 1 – Bungalow layout and electrical installations route
The prospective short circuit current (PSCC) at the origin has been
measured as 800 A. The roof space is insulated to full depth of the
ceiling joists and the temperature in the roof space is not expected to
exceed over 40° C.
The consumer wishes to convert the workshop into a pottery room and
install an 8.6 kW/230 V electric kiln. The design procedure is as
follows.
1. Assessment of general characteristics
The present maximum demand, applying diversity, is:
Reference to the current rating tables in the IEE Regulations will show
that the existing main tails are too small and should be uprated. Also,
the consumer unit should be capable of carrying the full load of the
installation without the application of diversity.
- So, the addition of another 8.6 kW of load is not possible with the present arrangement.
The current taken by the kiln is 8600/230 = 37.4 A. Therefore, the new
maximum demand is 97.3 + 37.4 = 134.7 A. Supply details are:
- Single-phase
- 230 V, 50 Hz
- Earthing system: TN-S
- Prospective short circuit current (PSCC) at origin (measured): 800 A
2. Electric Wiring: Domestic
Decisions must now be made as to the type of cable, the installation
method and the type of protective device. As the existing arrangement is
not satisfactory, the supply authority must be informed of the new
maximum demand, as a larger main fuse and service cable may be required.
It would seem sensible then to disconnect, say, the shower circuit, and
to supply it and the new kiln circuit via a new two-way consumer unit,
as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 – New two-way consumer unit
3. Sizing the main tails
1- The new load on the existing consumer unit will be the old load less the shower load:
94.3 – 30 = 64.3 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
2- The load on the new consumer unit will be the kiln load plus the shower load:
37.4 + 30 = 67.4 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
4- The total load is 64.3 + 67.4 = 131.7 A. From the IEE Regulations the cable size is 35 mm2.
5- The earthing conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 16 mm2. The main equipotential bonding conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 10 mm2.
94.3 – 30 = 64.3 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
2- The load on the new consumer unit will be the kiln load plus the shower load:
37.4 + 30 = 67.4 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
4- The total load is 64.3 + 67.4 = 131.7 A. From the IEE Regulations the cable size is 35 mm2.
5- The earthing conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 16 mm2. The main equipotential bonding conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 10 mm2.
For a domestic installation such as this, a PVC flat twin-cable, clipped
direct through the loft space and the garage, etc., would be most
appropriate.
4. Sizing the kiln circuit cable
Design current Ib is:
Ib = P/V = 8600/230 = 37.4 A
Ib = P/V = 8600/230 = 37.4 A
Rating and type of protection In:
In order to show how important this choice is, it is probably best to compare the values of current-carrying capacity resulting from each type of protection.
In order to show how important this choice is, it is probably best to compare the values of current-carrying capacity resulting from each type of protection.
As we have seen, the requirement for the rating In is that In > Ib. Therefore, using the tables in the IEE Regulations, In will be as follows for the various fuse types.
- BS 88 – 40 A BS 3036 – 45 A
- BS 1361 – 45 A MCBs – 50 A
5. Correction factors
- Ca – 0.87 or 0.94 if the fuse is BS 3036
- Cg – not applicable
- Cf – 0.725 only if the fuse is BS 3036
- Ci – 0.5 if the cable is totally surrounded in thermal insulation
Some or all of the onerous conditions just outlined may affect a cable along its whole length or parts of it at the same time. So, consider the following.
#1 –
If a cable ran for the whole of its length, grouped with others of the
same size in a high ambient temperature, and was totally surrounded with
thermal insulation, it would seem logical to apply all the CFs, as they
all affect the whole cable run.
Certainly, the factors for the BS 3036 fuse, grouping and thermal insulation should be used.
However, it is doubtful if the
ambient temperature will have any effect on the cable, as the thermal
insulation, if it is efficient, will prevent heat reaching the cable. Hence, apply Ca, Cg and Cf.
#2 –
If, however, the cable first runs grouped, then leaves the group and
runs in high ambient temperature and finally is enclosed in thermal
insulation, there will be three different conditions, each affecting the
cable in different areas.
The BS 3036 fuse affects the whole cable run and, therefore, Cf must be used, but there is no need to apply all of the remaining factors as the worst one will automatically compensate for the others.
Having chosen the relevant correction factors, we now apply them as divisors to the rating of the protective device In in order to calculate the tabulated current-carrying capacity It of the cable to be used.
6. Tabulated current-carrying capacity of cable
For each of the different types of protection, the current-carrying capacity will be as shown in Table 1(a).
7. Cable size based on tabulated current-carrying capacity
Table 1(b) shows the sizes of
cable for each type of protection (from the IEE Regulations). Clearly
the BS 88 fuse gives the smallest cable size if the cable is kept clear
of thermal insulation, i.e. 6.0 mm2.
8. Check on voltage drop
The actual voltage drop is given by:
This voltage drop, whilst not causing the kiln to work unsafely, may mean inefficiency, and it is perhaps better to use a 10 mm2 cable. This also gives a wider choice of protection type, except BS 3036 rewirable. This decision can be left until later.
For a 10 mm2 cable, the voltage drop is checked as:
So, at this point, we have selected a 10 mm2 twin cable and we have at our disposal a range of protection types, the choice of which will be influenced by the loop impedance.
9. Shock risk
The circuit protective conductor (CPC) associated with a 10 mm2 twin 6242 Y cable is 4 mm2. Hence, the total loop impedance will be:
6.44
is the tabulated (R1 + R2) value and the multiplier 1.2 takes account
of the conductor resistance at its operating temperature. This means
that all protective devices except 50 A types 3, C and D MCBs could be
used (by comparison with Zs values in the IEE Regulations).
As only BS EN 60898 types B, C and D are now available, any CB used must be a type B.
Go back to contents ↑
10. Thermal constraints
We still need to check that the 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is large enough to withstand damage under earth fault conditions. So, the fault current would be
I = Uoc / Zs = 240 / 0.489 = 490 A
The disconnection time t for this
current for each type of protection (from the relevant curves in the
IEE Regulations) is as follows:
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.05 s
- 45 A BS 1361 – 0.18 s
- 50 A CB type B – 0.01 s
From the regulations, the factor for k = 115. We can now apply the adiabatic equation:
Therefore, for each type of protection we have the following minimum sizes of circuit protective conductor (CPC).
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.9 mm2
- 45 A BS 1361- 1.7 mm2
- 50 A CB type B – 0.466 mm2
Hence, our 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is of adequate size.
Go back to contents ↑
11. Protection
It simply remains to decide which of the types of protection to use. A type B CB is probably the most economical. However,
if this is chosen, a check should be made on the shower circuit to
ensure that this type of protection is also suitable.
7. Cable size based on tabulated current-carrying capacity
Table 1(b) shows the sizes of
cable for each type of protection (from the IEE Regulations). Clearly
the BS 88 fuse gives the smallest cable size if the cable is kept clear
of thermal insulation, i.e. 6.0 mm2.
8. Check on voltage drop
The actual voltage drop is given by:
This voltage drop, whilst not causing the kiln to work unsafely, may mean inefficiency, and it is perhaps better to use a 10 mm2 cable. This also gives a wider choice of protection type, except BS 3036 rewirable. This decision can be left until later.
For a 10 mm2 cable, the voltage drop is checked as:
So, at this point, we have selected a 10 mm2 twin cable and we have at our disposal a range of protection types, the choice of which will be influenced by the loop impedance.
9. Shock risk
The circuit protective conductor (CPC) associated with a 10 mm2 twin 6242 Y cable is 4 mm2. Hence, the total loop impedance will be:
6.44
is the tabulated (R1 + R2) value and the multiplier 1.2 takes account
of the conductor resistance at its operating temperature. This means
that all protective devices except 50 A types 3, C and D MCBs could be
used (by comparison with Zs values in the IEE Regulations).
As only BS EN 60898 types B, C and D are now available, any CB used must be a type B.
Go back to contents ↑
10. Thermal constraints
We still need to check that the 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is large enough to withstand damage under earth fault conditions. So, the fault current would be
I = Uoc / Zs = 240 / 0.489 = 490 A
The disconnection time t for this
current for each type of protection (from the relevant curves in the
IEE Regulations) is as follows:
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.05 s
- 45 A BS 1361 – 0.18 s
- 50 A CB type B – 0.01 s
From the regulations, the factor for k = 115. We can now apply the adiabatic equation:
Therefore, for each type of protection we have the following minimum sizes of circuit protective conductor (CPC).
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.9 mm2
- 45 A BS 1361- 1.7 mm2
- 50 A CB type B – 0.466 mm2
Hence, our 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is of adequate size.
Go back to contents ↑
11. Protection
It simply remains to decide which of the types of protection to use. A type B CB is probably the most economical. However,
if this is chosen, a check should be made on the shower circuit to
ensure that this type of protection is also suitable.
Electrical circuit design
The mains intake position is at high level and comprises an 80 A BS 1361
240 V main fuse, an 80 A rated meter and a six-way 80 A consumer unit
housing BS 3036 fuses as follows:
Ring circuit | 30 A |
Lighting circuit | 5 A |
Immersion heater circuit | 15 A |
Cooker circuit | 30 A |
Shower circuit | 30 A |
Spare circuit | – |
The cooker is rated at 30 A, with no socket in the cooker unit. The main
tails are 16 mm2 double-insulated PVC, with a 6 mm2 earthing conductor.
There is no main equipotential bonding. The earthing system is TN-S,
with an external loop impedance Z of 0.3 ohms.
Figure 1 – Bungalow layout and electrical installations route
The prospective short circuit current (PSCC) at the origin has been
measured as 800 A. The roof space is insulated to full depth of the
ceiling joists and the temperature in the roof space is not expected to
exceed over 40° C.
The consumer wishes to convert the workshop into a pottery room and
install an 8.6 kW/230 V electric kiln. The design procedure is as
follows.
1. Assessment of general characteristics
The present maximum demand, applying diversity, is:
Reference to the current rating tables in the IEE Regulations will show
that the existing main tails are too small and should be uprated. Also,
the consumer unit should be capable of carrying the full load of the
installation without the application of diversity.
- So, the addition of another 8.6 kW of load is not possible with the present arrangement.
The current taken by the kiln is 8600/230 = 37.4 A. Therefore, the new
maximum demand is 97.3 + 37.4 = 134.7 A. Supply details are:
- Single-phase
- 230 V, 50 Hz
- Earthing system: TN-S
- Prospective short circuit current (PSCC) at origin (measured): 800 A
2. Electric Wiring: Domestic
Decisions must now be made as to the type of cable, the installation
method and the type of protective device. As the existing arrangement is
not satisfactory, the supply authority must be informed of the new
maximum demand, as a larger main fuse and service cable may be required.
It would seem sensible then to disconnect, say, the shower circuit, and
to supply it and the new kiln circuit via a new two-way consumer unit,
as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 – New two-way consumer unit
3. Sizing the main tails
1- The new load on the existing consumer unit will be the old load less the shower load:
94.3 – 30 = 64.3 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
2- The load on the new consumer unit will be the kiln load plus the shower load:
37.4 + 30 = 67.4 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
4- The total load is 64.3 + 67.4 = 131.7 A. From the IEE Regulations the cable size is 35 mm2.
5- The earthing conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 16 mm2. The main equipotential bonding conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 10 mm2.
94.3 – 30 = 64.3 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
2- The load on the new consumer unit will be the kiln load plus the shower load:
37.4 + 30 = 67.4 A. From the IEE Regulations, the cable size is 16 mm2.
4- The total load is 64.3 + 67.4 = 131.7 A. From the IEE Regulations the cable size is 35 mm2.
5- The earthing conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 16 mm2. The main equipotential bonding conductor size, from the IEE Regulations, will be 10 mm2.
For a domestic installation such as this, a PVC flat twin-cable, clipped
direct through the loft space and the garage, etc., would be most
appropriate.
4. Sizing the kiln circuit cable
Design current Ib is:
Ib = P/V = 8600/230 = 37.4 A
Ib = P/V = 8600/230 = 37.4 A
Rating and type of protection In:
In order to show how important this choice is, it is probably best to compare the values of current-carrying capacity resulting from each type of protection.
In order to show how important this choice is, it is probably best to compare the values of current-carrying capacity resulting from each type of protection.
As we have seen, the requirement for the rating In is that In > Ib. Therefore, using the tables in the IEE Regulations, In will be as follows for the various fuse types.
- BS 88 – 40 A BS 3036 – 45 A
- BS 1361 – 45 A MCBs – 50 A
5. Correction factors
- Ca – 0.87 or 0.94 if the fuse is BS 3036
- Cg – not applicable
- Cf – 0.725 only if the fuse is BS 3036
- Ci – 0.5 if the cable is totally surrounded in thermal insulation
Some or all of the onerous conditions just outlined may affect a cable along its whole length or parts of it at the same time. So, consider the following.
#1 –
If a cable ran for the whole of its length, grouped with others of the
same size in a high ambient temperature, and was totally surrounded with
thermal insulation, it would seem logical to apply all the CFs, as they
all affect the whole cable run.
Certainly, the factors for the BS 3036 fuse, grouping and thermal insulation should be used.
However, it is doubtful if the
ambient temperature will have any effect on the cable, as the thermal
insulation, if it is efficient, will prevent heat reaching the cable. Hence, apply Ca, Cg and Cf.
#2 –
If, however, the cable first runs grouped, then leaves the group and
runs in high ambient temperature and finally is enclosed in thermal
insulation, there will be three different conditions, each affecting the
cable in different areas.
The BS 3036 fuse affects the whole cable run and, therefore, Cf must be used, but there is no need to apply all of the remaining factors as the worst one will automatically compensate for the others.
Having chosen the relevant correction factors, we now apply them as divisors to the rating of the protective device In in order to calculate the tabulated current-carrying capacity It of the cable to be used.
6. Tabulated current-carrying capacity of cable
For each of the different types of protection, the current-carrying capacity will be as shown in Table 1(a).
7. Cable size based on tabulated current-carrying capacity
Table 1(b) shows the sizes of
cable for each type of protection (from the IEE Regulations). Clearly
the BS 88 fuse gives the smallest cable size if the cable is kept clear
of thermal insulation, i.e. 6.0 mm2.
8. Check on voltage drop
The actual voltage drop is given by:
This voltage drop, whilst not causing the kiln to work unsafely, may mean inefficiency, and it is perhaps better to use a 10 mm2 cable. This also gives a wider choice of protection type, except BS 3036 rewirable. This decision can be left until later.
For a 10 mm2 cable, the voltage drop is checked as:
So, at this point, we have selected a 10 mm2 twin cable and we have at our disposal a range of protection types, the choice of which will be influenced by the loop impedance.
9. Shock risk
The circuit protective conductor (CPC) associated with a 10 mm2 twin 6242 Y cable is 4 mm2. Hence, the total loop impedance will be:
6.44
is the tabulated (R1 + R2) value and the multiplier 1.2 takes account
of the conductor resistance at its operating temperature. This means
that all protective devices except 50 A types 3, C and D MCBs could be
used (by comparison with Zs values in the IEE Regulations).
As only BS EN 60898 types B, C and D are now available, any CB used must be a type B.
Go back to contents ↑
10. Thermal constraints
We still need to check that the 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is large enough to withstand damage under earth fault conditions. So, the fault current would be
I = Uoc / Zs = 240 / 0.489 = 490 A
The disconnection time t for this
current for each type of protection (from the relevant curves in the
IEE Regulations) is as follows:
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.05 s
- 45 A BS 1361 – 0.18 s
- 50 A CB type B – 0.01 s
From the regulations, the factor for k = 115. We can now apply the adiabatic equation:
Therefore, for each type of protection we have the following minimum sizes of circuit protective conductor (CPC).
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.9 mm2
- 45 A BS 1361- 1.7 mm2
- 50 A CB type B – 0.466 mm2
Hence, our 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is of adequate size.
Go back to contents ↑
11. Protection
It simply remains to decide which of the types of protection to use. A type B CB is probably the most economical. However,
if this is chosen, a check should be made on the shower circuit to
ensure that this type of protection is also suitable.
7. Cable size based on tabulated current-carrying capacity
Table 1(b) shows the sizes of
cable for each type of protection (from the IEE Regulations). Clearly
the BS 88 fuse gives the smallest cable size if the cable is kept clear
of thermal insulation, i.e. 6.0 mm2.
8. Check on voltage drop
The actual voltage drop is given by:
This voltage drop, whilst not causing the kiln to work unsafely, may mean inefficiency, and it is perhaps better to use a 10 mm2 cable. This also gives a wider choice of protection type, except BS 3036 rewirable. This decision can be left until later.
For a 10 mm2 cable, the voltage drop is checked as:
So, at this point, we have selected a 10 mm2 twin cable and we have at our disposal a range of protection types, the choice of which will be influenced by the loop impedance.
9. Shock risk
The circuit protective conductor (CPC) associated with a 10 mm2 twin 6242 Y cable is 4 mm2. Hence, the total loop impedance will be:
6.44
is the tabulated (R1 + R2) value and the multiplier 1.2 takes account
of the conductor resistance at its operating temperature. This means
that all protective devices except 50 A types 3, C and D MCBs could be
used (by comparison with Zs values in the IEE Regulations).
As only BS EN 60898 types B, C and D are now available, any CB used must be a type B.
Go back to contents ↑
10. Thermal constraints
We still need to check that the 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is large enough to withstand damage under earth fault conditions. So, the fault current would be
I = Uoc / Zs = 240 / 0.489 = 490 A
The disconnection time t for this
current for each type of protection (from the relevant curves in the
IEE Regulations) is as follows:
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.05 s
- 45 A BS 1361 – 0.18 s
- 50 A CB type B – 0.01 s
From the regulations, the factor for k = 115. We can now apply the adiabatic equation:
Therefore, for each type of protection we have the following minimum sizes of circuit protective conductor (CPC).
- 40 A BS 88 – 0.9 mm2
- 45 A BS 1361- 1.7 mm2
- 50 A CB type B – 0.466 mm2
Hence, our 4 mm2 circuit protective conductor (CPC) is of adequate size.
Go back to contents ↑
11. Protection
It simply remains to decide which of the types of protection to use. A type B CB is probably the most economical. However,
if this is chosen, a check should be made on the shower circuit to
ensure that this type of protection is also suitable.
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